In part one of our new series, AI Alpha, we explored the sweeping potential of artificial intelligence (AI) as a transformative force. But alongside that opportunity lies a more complicated reality. In part two, we examine the structural challenges, strategic trade-offs, and competitive pressures that we believe will shape how AI ultimately delivers economic payoff. Understanding AI as a general-purpose technology helps clarify both its disruptive power and the obstacles that may delay or dilute returns.